I learned from the third reporter Miss Ailyn Maceren the Principles of Motivation applied to Classroom teaching. I also learned the difference of Retention and Forgetting and I also learned the conditions that causes forgetting which are Disuse, Inference, Retroactive Inhibition, Reorganization and Motivated Forgetting. She also tackled the types of transfer of learning, the lateral and vertical transfer. From her report I learned the elements of learning, goal, motivation, stimuli, perception, integration, response and reinforcement. Drive and Motivation, Positive Transfer Learning, Usefulness of Materials, The Number of Senses Involved and Feedback are the factors that contribute to learning.

On the report of Miss Jonelyn Madarang I learned about the Sequence of Information Processing by Slavin. According to Slavin learning and information processing follows a certain pattern or sequence, first is sensory register or the receiving of big amount of information from the senses and holds for a very short time for initial processing for transfer to the short term memory. If nothing happens it is forgotten. Second is the short term or working memory it is responsible for holding limited amount of information for transfer to the long term memory. Last is the long term memory this is responsible for keeping information for a long period of time. I also learned about the basic concepts in cognitive theories of learning which are perception, storage, encoding, rehearsal, retrieval, dual, episodic memory, semantic memory and, procedural memory

 According to Klausmeir, learning occurs when the individual develops higher level skills that build successively on lower skills this is called the cumulative learning theory. And according to this theory there are types of learning according to the levels or capabilities these are the signal learning, Stimulus-Response learning, motor chain/ Verbal Chain learning, discriminating learning, concept learning, rule learning and, Problem solving.

Ausubel postulated the meaningful learning theory which states that an individual learns by relating newly acquired information to what learner already knows. There are 7 characteristics and concepts which are:

1.       Meaningful Learning

2.       Relevant Prior Knowledge

3.       Organization

4.       Elaboration

5.       Visual Imagery

6.       Advanced Organizers

7.       Cognitive Structure

There also other related views of learning these are:

1.       Meta Cognitive Views of learning

2.       Constructive Theories of Learning

3.       Reception and discovery

In my report about the PRINCIPLES AND METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING AND LEARNING I tackled the principle of learning, its definition and application to teaching, and then I reported about learning its definition, nature, the different theories of Learning and, the Learning process.According to Webster Principles is a comprehensive law or doctrine from which an accepted or professed rule of action or conduct is derived and there are five principles of teaching postulated by various authors these are Respect For The Individual; Democracy As Way Of Life; Providing Suitable Condition For The Development And Maintenance Of A Sound Personality; Improving Group Living In The Classroom; and Improving Classroom Environment.

Learning is defined as a modification of behaviour through experience. It is also defined as the acquisition of behaviour pattern. I also learned that learning is a lifetime process, as long as a person interacts with its environment he will be driven by various motivation instigated by others. The nature of learning is just it is like a growth it expands the possibilities of adaptive behaviour. Learning involves many changes in behaviour, maybe an individual needs to adjust in a certain individual or you must learn new skills for a job. Motives or drives are the basic type of learning and to the learning process itself.  There are many theories of learning there is the Information Processing Theory. This learning process theory continuously support the cognitive perspective initiated by Gestalt psychology. According to this theory there are two concepts of man: The first concept postulates that the human minds are inherently endowed with natural capacities, the second concept presupposes that man in an energy system- which continuously attempts to maintain balance or equilibrium in response to other energy system. 

Classical Conditioning Theory this theory states that an individual learns when previously neural stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the neural stimulus evokes a conditioned response. Unconditioned stimulus – elicits a response automatically.

Classical Conditioning as applied to Classroom Teaching

1. Facilitate/assist emotional, behavioral and cognitive response to neural stimulus through definite association with stimuli.
2. Establish positive association between teaching and learning activities.
3. Relate learning activities with pleasant experiences.
4. Guide every learner to meaningful activities to experience success.
5. Maintain and sustain a wholesome learning environment.
6. Develop skills in recognizing differences and similarities on situations to enable the learners to distinguish and generalize the prevailing condition.

Operant Conditioning Theory this learning process theory states that a n individual learns the desired responses because he is rewarded for doing and learns to avoid responses because he is punished for doing.

The 8 Fundamental Concept of Operant Conditioning

¨  Operant Conditioning- refers to using pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the behavior of the organism

¨  Reinforcers- these refer to consequences that strengthen a behavior.

¨  Primary reinforcers- reinforcers which are related to the basic needs, e.g. food and water.

¨  Secondary reinforcers- the value of something is acquired when associated with primary reinforcer, e.g. money.

¨  Positive reinforcers- are the consequence given to strengthen behavior.

¨  Negative reinforcer- is the release from an unpleasant situation or condition to strengthen behavior, intrinsic, pleasure is inherent in the activity.

¨   Punishment- Any unpleasant consequence to weaken behavior. A consequence that a person avoids is an aversion stimulus.

¨  Shaping- This is teaching of new skills or behavior by motivating and reinforcing learner to help him reach goals.

¨  Extinction- This is the act or condition of eliminating or decreasing a behavior by withdrawing the reinforcement.

¨  Cue- This is the signal as to what behavior will be reinforced or punished.

¨  Discrimination- This is the act in response to stimuli

Principles of Learning in Operant Conditioning

¨  Principle of Consequence- Under this principle, behavior changes according to its immediate consequences –Pleasurable/ pleasant consequences strengthen behavior, unpleasant weaken it.

¨  Principle of Reinforcement- These involve any action taken following a response that increases the probability that the response will occur again.

¨  Pre-mack Principle Or “Grandma Rule”- This principles is characterized by that less desired activities can be increased by linking them to more desired activities.

¨  Principle of Extinction- This Principle is characterized that when reinforcement for a previously learned behavior is withdrawn, the behavior fades away.

Operant conditioning Theories Applied to Classroom Teaching

¨  It is important to arrange for a adequate practice of behavior learned.

¨  Recognize positive behaviors from the learner’s perspective.

¨  Reinforcer has different learners, and therefore, the utilization of varied reinforcers for different types of learners should be considered.

¨  There should be a continued reinforcing for desirable behaviors.

¨  Extend continuous reinforcement to enable the learners to acquire new behavior.

¨  It is important to assist the learners in making appropriate generalization.

¨  Carefully and systematically praise learners.

¨  Give deserved reinforcers and punishment.

¨  Exercise extreme care and diligence in reinforcing undesirable behaviors.

¨  Use negative reinforcement instead of punishment.

¨  Avoid comparing learner’s performance.

¨  Be fair and consistent when applying punishments.

¨  Punishment should be focused on the learner’s behavior and not his personality.

Social Learning Theory this theory states that an individual learns through observation and imitation of others. The concepts of social learning theory are observational learning, vicarious learning and self regulated learning.

Characteristics of Social Learning Theory

1. It is observational learning which consists of four phases– attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
2. It is vicarious learning which is acquired from observing the consequences of others’ behavior.
3. It is self-regulated which occurs when individuals observe, assess and judge their own behavior against their own standards, and subsequently reward or punish them.

Components of successful modeling

1. Motivation- the pupils/students should be oriented and know the reason why they demonstrate the behavior of the model.
2. Attention- It is important that pupils/students are observing and thinking about what is being done.
3. Retention- Provide mechanism to help learners remember the behavior.
4. Motor Reproduction- Pupils/students must be physically capable of performing the behavior of the subject serving as a model.
5. Self-management- The learners should be helped gain control of their own learning by way of goal setting phase– setting high standards lead to higher performance. The pupils/students also record and evaluate their performance.

           Learning is the most universal and most important occupation of man; it is the great task of childhood. In order to survive and be able to adapt to the demands of a changing and complex environment, an individual must do a lot of learning. Every time of our life from birth to death we engage in some forms of learning.  Learning is an integrated, directed, systematic, purposive and ongoing process that occurs in an individual for him to meet his objectives, his interest, and to satisfy his needs that is why educators view that the process of learning evolves five phases which are:

1. Unfreezing- this is the stage where the individual becomes motivated and ready to consider changes in attitudes, behavior, knowledge and skills.
2. Problem Diagnosis- This is the stage of determining and examining the forces supporting the need for change.
3. Goal-Setting- This is the stage where the desired changes in attitudes, knowledge, skills and behaviors are explicitly stated.
4. New Behavior- This is the phase where in the individual learns, adapts, and practices the newer knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behavior which earnestly desired.
5. Refreezing-This is the phase of learning process where novel learning have found to be relevant and to beneficial and assimilated into the learner’s ongoing frame work of knowledge, attitudes, skill and behavior

References:

¨  Zulueta, F. M. Principles and Methods of Teaching. 71-86.

¨  Woolfolk, A. E. Educational Psychology. 202-234.

               

What is a Teacher & what is a good Teacher

A teacher is a person who teaches. A teacher is the one who facilitates education for an individual student so we may also described them as a personal tutor. The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out by way of occupation or profession at a school or other place of formal education.

A good teacher must have qualities of  empathy, creativity, open mindedness, and sense of humor. A teacher must know the subject they teach, a teacher must apply general teaching strategies.